Tyler Buechler
Mr. Thomas
US History X, Period 7
12 May 2006
"Battle of Normandy." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 20 Apr 2006, 21:49 UTC. 20 Apr 2006, 22:44 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Normandy&oldid=49349218>.

• While selecting the site of the invasion, british officials soon realized that their planes Spitfire and Hawker Typhoon could only reach Pas de Calais or Normandy.  Their target was limited again just to Normandy because of Geography.
• The objectives were to create a beachhead and then to advance into Paris to liberate the people.
• Spies in Germany were turned by the double cross System, and a fictitious army was sent up to deceive the Germans via false radio transmissions

Bookman, John T., and Stephen T. Powers. The March to Victory. Colorado: University P of Colorado, 1994. The Battle of Normandy. 20 Apr. 2006 <http://www.history.rochester.edu/mtv/overview.htm>.

• The Weather on the eve of D-day changed the day.  It also caught the Germans off guard because the did not conceive that America would attack in bad weather
• The American Troops of the 4th Infantry and the 1st Infantry division landed at Omaha and Utah.  The 3rd British Infantry Division, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 50th British Infantry Division landed at Sword Juno and Gold beaches respectively.
• America favored a direct strategy where a cross-channel invasion occurred.  Britain was skeptical and wanted to have smaller attacks so that their troops would not suffer.  At the Teheran conference, Russia helped persuade Britain into a cross-channel invasion.  General Dwight Eisenhower was appointed commander of the army.

Carnes, Mark C., and John A. Garraty. The American Nations: a History of the United States. 11th ed. New York: Pearson Education, 2003. 735-757.
Clare, John D. "D-Day." Greenfield History Site. 2002. 30 Apr. 2006 <http://www.johndclare.net/wwii9.htm>.

• A DBQ that gives quotes and outlines the preparations for the invasion
• It was decided not to try to invade at Calais (where Nazi fortifications were strongest), but in Normandy.   So that the invasion forces would know every detail of the landing sites, immensely careful research was done
• Huge forces were gathered all over the south of England.   Some were sent even to Dover (they were provided with wooden models of tanks) – they were called ‘Patton’s First Army’ (after an American general) to make the Nazis think that the invasion was planned for Calais.

"D-Day." Normandie Memoire. 30 Apr. 2006 <http://www.normandiememoire.com/NM60Anglais/2_histoire/histo3_gb.htm>.

• At 6.30 am, the first American assault waves reached the Utah and Omaha beaches. In the British and Canadian sectors, the attack was launched an hour later, to take account of the different tide times.

• The Americans, who were in favour of a more direct attack against Germany, argued for an offensive across the Channel. In exchange for their concessions over Italy, they obtained the agreement of their allies in early 1943. Lieutenant-General Morgan was appointed Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC) and given the task of planning the operation.

Felknor, Bruce L. "D-Day Plus 60 Years." American Merchant Marine At War. 26 Mar. 1998. 20 Apr. 2006 <http://www.usmm.org/felknordday.html>.

• Operation Mulberry was the construction of artificial harbors.  A sheltered transfer point was needed for LSTs to transfer tanks or trucks to smaller LCTs which could land them on the beach
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• Eisenhower took another route, which he described as "a project so unique as to be classed by many scoffers as completely fantastic. It was a plan to construct artificial harbors on the coast of Normandy.

Hammond, William M. "Normandy." US Army Center of Military History. 3 Oct. 2003. US Army. 20 Apr. 2006 <http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htm>.

• As dawn neared, bombers began to strike up and down the coast, flying the first of what would become, by the end of the day, more than 11,000 sorties against enemy batteries, headquarters, railroad junctions, and troop concentrations. The gliders Eisenhower had watched depart also arrived. Those of the British landed on target as did most of those from the U.S. 101st Airborne Division. Fewer than half of the gliders assigned to the U.S. 82d Airborne reached their assigned landing zones.
• In some areas, heavy smoke from grass fires and exploding ammunition obscured landing zones and blinded enemy gunners, allowing the attackers to advance largely unopposed. Here and there, as well, tanks arrived, rolling off landing craft that had somehow plowed their way through the obstacles. Bringing their guns to bear, they began to provide the fire support the men on the beach required.
• Allied losses had been high: 2,500 men at OMAHA alone, another 2,500 among the American airborne divisions, almost 1,100 for the Canadians, and some 3,000 for the British—more than 9,000 men in all, one-third of whom were killed in action.

Harrison, Gordon A. "Digest of Operation "Overlord"" Ibiblio. 1951. Department of the Army. 29 Apr. 2006 <http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/wwii/D-Day/overlord.txt>.

• The original plan that the military sent out in regards to the preparations for the Invasion of Normandy.

"Operation Bodyguard." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 26 Jan 2006, 09:29 UTC. 20 Apr 2006, 22:24 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodyguard&oldid=36768010>.

• Build up to the Normandy Invasion.  Roger Hesketh planned and carried out the operation
• The goals were to allow the Germnas to believe that ally forces were going to attack at Pas de Calais, Norway, or Bulgaria.  To keep the enemy in doubt of when the attack would commence. Lastly, to contain the German forces in the east for 14 days.
• Three sub categories: Operation Fortitude had a north component which aimed at persuading the Germans to expect an invasion in Norway, and a south component that was designed to lead the Germans in thinking there was going to be an attack at Pas de Calais.  Operation Zimmerman was designed to have the Germans believe there was going to be an attack at Crete or Roumania.

Rosebrough, Willard. Telephone interview. 24 Apr. 2006.

Students Annotated Bibliographies Index Page