Erin Cohenour

Erin Cohenour
Annotated Bibliography

“Back Home in Indiana.” 2005. Indiana State Historical Society. 18 April 2006.
< http://www.in.gov/ism/MuseumExhibits/WWII/backHome.asp>.

Like other Americans, Hoosiers plant “victory gardens” to feed themselves so that more food can be sent to the troops. Steel, rubber and gasoline are strictly rationed. So are consumer goods including sugar, coffee, meat, shoes and stockings. The war effort affects not only what people buy, but also where they travel and how they live. Even clothing is redesigned to use as little fabric as possible.

Economically, wartime production lifts Indiana out of the Great Depression that brought wrenching poverty during the 1930s. Socially and politically, Indiana continues to become more like the rest of America: more urban, more industrial, more tightly woven into national affairs. The war also opens new opportunities for African Americans in Indiana. The nation urgently needs soldiers and workers … of any color.

“Densho.” 2006. Causes of the Internment. 7 May 2006.
<http://www.densho.org/causes/default.asp>.

In 1941 the United States entered World War II after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Without evidence, key U.S. leaders claimed that all people of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast of the U.S. posed a risk to national security. Justifying it as a "military necessity," the government forced U.S. citizens and their immigrant elders to leave their homes and live in camps under armed guard.

“Exploring Japanese-American Internment.” 2002. Asian American Media.
20 April 2006 <http://www.asianamericanmedia.org/jainternment/>

Inmates had been led to believe that these more permanent centers would be "resettlement communities," not prisons. When they arrived, however, they found their new quarters fenced in with barbed wire and guarded by military police.

Obeying "evacuation" notice orders, Japanese Americans boarded trucks, buses, and trains. They were transported to what the Army called "Assembly Centers." Fifteen transit detention camps were set up in converted racetracks and fairgrounds.

Many families lived in horse stalls under unsanitary conditions, often by open sewers. Others occupied hastily constructed barracks. Toilet and bathing facilities were communal and devoid of privacy.

Barbed wire fences and armed guard towers with guns facing toward the inmates surrounded these compounds. They were, in fact, prisons.

Inmates stood in line for everything, including meals, latrines, supplies and services. Meals were nutritionally inadequate, medical care, minimal.

“Internment History.” 1999. PBS.org. 20 April 2006
<http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/index.html>.

These Japanese Americans, half of whom were children, were incarcerated for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis, in bleak, remote camps surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards.

They were forced to evacuate their homes and leave their jobs; in some cases family members were separated and put into different camps. President Roosevelt himself called the 10 facilities "concentration camps."
Some Japanese Americans died in the camps due to inadequate medical care and the emotional stresses they encountered. Several were killed by military guards posted for allegedly resisting orders.

“Japanese Internment in World War II.” 2006. Asian Pacific American Heritage.
20 April 2006 <http://www.infoplease.com/spot/internment1.html>.

“Roosevelt's executive order was fueled by anti-Japanese sentiment among farmers who competed against Japanese labor, politicians who sided with anti-Japanese constituencies, and the general public, whose frenzy was heightened by the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor.”

“Japanese American Internment.” 20 April 2006. Wikipedia. 21 April 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_internment .

“The Japanese American Internment refers to the forcible relocation of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called War Relocation Camps in remote portions of the nation's interior.”

“President Franklin Roosevelt authorized the internment with United States Executive Order 9066, which allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones", from which "any or all persons may be excluded."

“According to a 1943 War Relocation Authority report, internees were housed in "tar paper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or

cooking facilities of any kind."

“Japanese Internment.” 2006. American Diaspora. 21 April 2006
<< http://www.epodunk.com/top10/diaspora/japanese-internment-camps.html>>.

“Nearly 30,000 residents of the relocation camps left before the "exclusion order" was rescinded on Jan. 1, 1945. Three-quarters of them went to eight states. The largest number went to Illinois (7,652) including 6,599 to Chicago.”

In 1940, 85 percent of Japanese-Americans lived in the three West Coast states; in 1950, 69 percent did; in 2000, only 42 percent did.

Others went to Colorado (3,185), Ohio (2,854), Utah (2,427), Idaho (2,084), Michigan (1,990), Minnesota (1,292), and New York (1,131). After the order was rescinded and the camps were disbanded, 10,077 returned to Los Angeles and 33,504 went elsewhere in California. Others went back to Washington (4,471) and Oregon (2,088), but a significant number of Japanese left the West Coast permanently, and the scattering has continued after the war.

“The Camps.” 1996. The Japanese American Internment. 7 May 2006.
<http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/camps.html>.

Amache (Granada), CO
Opened August 24, 1942. Closed October 15, 1945. Peak population 7318. Origin of prisoners: Nothern California coast, West Sacramento Valley, Northern San Joaquin Valley, Los Angeles. 31 Japanese Americans from Amache volunteered and lost their lives in World War II. 120 died here between August 27, 1942 and October 14, 1945. In April, 1944, 36 draft resisters were sent to Tucson, AZ Federal Prison Camp.2
Opened July 20, 1942. Closed November 10, 1945. Peak population 13,348. Origin of prisoners: Sacramento Delta, Fresno County, Los Angeles area. Divided into Canal Camp and Butte Camp. Over 1100 citizens from both camps served in the U.S. Armed Services. The names of 23 war dead are engraved on a plaque here. The State of Arizona accredited the schools in both camps. 97 students graduated from Canal High School in 1944. Nearly 1000 prisoners worked in the 8000 acres of farmland around Canal Camp, growing vegetables and raising livestock.2

“The Japanese Internment.” 2004. The Free Information Society. 6 May 2006
<http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=35>.

In January 1944, a military draft was produced by the government, forcing Japanese Americans in the camps to join the military and fight in World War 2.

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